tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-134331032011-12-03T20:53:08.200Z"La mar donde he hechado este libro es propriamente el reyno de Portugal que es la mar de la musica: pues en el tanto la estiman: y tambien la entienden." (Luís Milán, El Maestro [...] Dirigido al muy alto e muy poderoso e invictissimo principe don Juhan: por la gracia de dios rey de Portugal y de las yllas.,f.A3v). “Memento homo quia pulvis es et in pulverem reverteris” [Lembra-te homem que és pó e que pó voltarás a ser] (Génesis,III,19)Manuel Moraishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00068156907781494262noreply@blogger.comBlogger131100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13433103.post-1125824498612565012005-09-04T10:00:00.000+01:002005-09-11T16:04:55.520+01:00<div style="text-align: justify;">Segundo a informação - transmitida pelo Prof. Dr. Rui Vieira Nery - de Raul Nery (n. em 1921) e corroborada por Joel Pina (n. em 1920), o exímio guitarrista <span style="font-style: italic;">Armandinho</span> (Armando Freire, 1891-1946) já usava, nos anos 30 ou inícios do 40, um <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarrão, </span>mas, infelizmente, desconhece-se o seu paradeiro!<br />Na sequência deste testemunho duas perguntas podem ser formuladas: O célebre guitarrista João Maria dos Anjos (1856-1889) já teria usado um <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarrão</span> no quinteto ou no sexteto com os quais efectou vários concertos em Portugal, no Brasil ou em Madrid? Ou ainda, as três ou quatro guitarras portuguesas que constituíam estes agrupamentos seriam todas do mesmo tamanho?<br />Na Europa temos conhecimento que, pelo menos desde os finais do século XV até ao XVIII, se construíram instrumentos de corda dedilhada ou palhetada (alaúdes, arqui-alaúde - <span style="font-style: italic;">tiorbas</span> e <span style="font-style: italic;">chitarrones</span> - cítaras, violas de mão, mandoras, <span style="font-style: italic;">colasciones</span>, guitarras inglesas e bandolins) de vários tamanhos, que correspondiam, grosso modo, às diferentes tessituras da voz humana: soprano, alto, tenor e baixo. Não será de estranhar que esta prática se tenha mantido ao longo do século XIX e inícios do XX. Aliás, várias arqui-guitarras sobreviveram e guardam-se em museus europeus e norte-americanos (<span style="font-style: italic;">cf.</span> BainesE, n.os 236, 237, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266 e 267; MichelZ, pp. 89-98). Ainda que em Portugal não se tenha preservado nenhum <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarrão</span> construído no século XIX ou durante o terceiro decénio do XX, não poderemos ignorar o testemunho fidedigno acima mencionado, a importante informação do tratadista, Frei Domingos Varela (<span style="font-style: italic;">vide</span> posta n.º 9), bem como o que nos deixou escrito, em 1875, Ambrósio Fernandes Maia e D. L. Vieira (<span style="font-style: italic;">cf.</span> MoraisG, p. 103 e tb. posta n.º 9a). Todos eles, e em épocas tão diferentes que oscilam entre os finais de setecentos até às decadas de 1930/40, nos confirmam a existencia e a prática no nosso País deste tipo de Guitarra.<br />Segundo o conselho do citado Varela, o <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarrão</span> deveria ter "[...] tres palmos escassos de comprimento [= a 66 cm], ou 22 polegadas desde o cavalete até á pestana, [...]", o que nos dá um tiro de corda de 55,88 cm. Se compararmos estas medidas com as usadas no designado<span style="font-style: italic;"> Guitolão</span> construído por Meste Gracio (62, 23 cm), vemos que o seu tiro de corda se aproxima bastante do preconizado pelo frade beneditino.<br />Não sei qual é o tiro de corda do <span style="font-style: italic;">Citolão</span> ou <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarrão</span> que Carlos Paredes usou na gravação efectuada em 1974, em contrapartida poderei indicar, graças à gentil informação de Luísa Amaro, a afinação que o Mestre optou neste instrumento (do agudo para o grave): Fá3/Fá3; Dó2/Dó2; Lá2/Lá2; Fá2/Fá2; Dó3/Dó2; Sol2/Sol1, (isto é, uma quarta, duas terceiras - uma menor e outra maior - seguidas de duas quartas).<br />Para terminar gostaria de expressar a minha opinião sobre o nome que se deve atribuir a esta ampla guitarra portuguesa. O neologismo inventado por Gilberto Gracio não me parece apropriado já que ele tem, na sua constituição, o nome de dois instrumentos tão dispares como a <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarra</span> e o <span style="font-style: italic;">Violão</span> (guit+olão), se bem que ambos pertençam à grande família dos cordofones de mão. Quanto ao uso do arcaico vocábulo <span style="font-style: italic;">Citolão</span> parece-me também pouco convincente, pois ele diz especificamente respeito a um instrumento cuja caixa de ressonância é bastante diferente da do tipo periforme.<br />Creio que não é necessário inventar nenhum nome, pois ele já existe, pelo menos, desde finais do século XVIII, <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Guitarrão</span>!<br />Este nome, inventado ou não pelo monge beneditino Domingos de S. José Varela (<span style="font-style: italic;">fl.</span> entre <span style="font-style: italic;">c.</span> 1806-<span style="font-style: italic;">c.</span> 1838), aplica-se perfeitamente à tipologia deste grande cordofone de mão. Para completar a escassa informação que dispomos sobre a vida deste tratadista, seguramente o mais importante do seu tempo, copiamos o que dele nos deixou escrito um seu contemporâneo:<br /></div><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Fr. Domingos José Varella. - Natural de Guimarães, insigne Organista, e o melhor, que teve a Congregação Benedictina de Portugal néstes nossos tempos. Tinha amplissima instrução e conhecimentos da Musica antiga e moderna, e dos seus varios systemas: conhecia perfeitamente o mecanismo do Orgão, e tocava este bello instrumento com admiravel perfeição, e apurado gosto. Presumo que ao presente [1839] he falecido.</span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> (citado por VieiraD, p. 386)</span></span><br /></div><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Bibliografia (citada e de referência):<br /></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">AlvarezI, M.R., "Los instrumentos musicales en los códices alfonsinos: su tipología, su uso y su origen. Alguns problemas iconograficos", <span style="font-style: italic;">Revista de Musicología</span>, X.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">CuestaH, Ismael Fernández de la, <span style="font-style: italic;">História de la música española. 1. Desde los orígenes hasta la "ars nova"</span>. Madrid: Alianza, 1983.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">BainesE, Anthony, <span style="font-style: italic;">European & American Musical Instruments</span>. Londres: B T Batsford Ltd., 1966.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">GonçalvesL, Elsa &amp; Ramos, Maria Ana, <span style="font-style: italic;">A lírica galego-portuguesa</span>. Lisboa: Comunicação, 1983.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">GroveD, <span style="font-style: italic;">The New Grove Dictionary of Nusic and Musicians</span>, Edited by Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan Publishers Limited, 1980.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">MacKillopS, Rob, "The Scottish Contribution to the 18th-Centur Wire-strung Guittar", <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarra Portuguesa.</span> Actas do Simpósio Internacional (Universidade de Évora, 7-9 Setembro 2001), Lisboa: Estar/Centro de História da Arte, Universidade de Évora, 2002, pp. 37-82.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">MichelZ, Andreas, <span style="font-style: italic;">Zistern. Europaische Zupfinstrumente von der Renaissance bis zum Historismus</span>, Leipzig: Musikeninstrumenten-Museum der Universitat Leizig, 1999.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">MoraisG, Manuel,“A Guitarra Portuguesa: das suas origens setecentistas até aos finais do século XIX”, <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarra Portuguesa.</span> Actas do Simpósio Internacional (Universidade de Évora, 7-9 Setembro 2001), Lisboa: Estar/Centro de História da Arte, Universidade de Évora, 2002, pp. 95-116.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">MunrowI, David, <span style="font-style: italic;">Instruments of the Middle Ages and Renaissance</span>. London: Oxfor University Press, 1976.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">NeryH, Rui Vieira, <span style="font-style: italic;">Para uma História do Fado. Edição revista e aumentada.</span> Lisboa: Público, Comunicação Social, SA/Corda Seca, Edições de Arte, SA, s.d., Dezembro de 2004.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">PidalP, R. Menéndez, <span style="font-style: italic;">Poesia juglaresca y origenes de la literatura románicas. Problemas de historia literaria y cultural.</span> Madrid, 1957. Sexta ed. corrigida e aumentada.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">ReyI, Juan José, <span style="font-style: italic;">Los instrumentos de púa en España. Bandurria, cítola y "laúdes españoles"</span>. Madrid: Alianza, 1993, pp. 13-69.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">RossiC, G. Doc, "The Cittern or English Guitar in Colonial América", <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarra Portuguesa</span>. Actas do Simpósio Internacional (Universidade de Évora, 7-9 Setembro 2001), Lisboa: Estar/Centro de História da Arte, Universidade de Évora, 2002, pp. 83-94.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">TylerP, James, "Plucked Instruments in Barroque Opera, Oratoria, and the Cantata". <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarra Portuguesa</span>. Actas do Simpósio Internacional (Universidade de Évora, 7-9 Setembro 2001), Lisboa: Estar/Centro de História da Arte, Universidade de Évora, 2002, pp. 149-156.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">VieiraD, Ernesto, <span style="font-style: italic;">Diccionario Biographico de Musicos Portuguezes</span>. Lisboa: Typographia Mattos &amp; Pinheiro, 1900.</span><br /></div><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Fim!)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">"VIOLA DE M?O QUE EM ESPANHA CHAMA? GUITARRA2 (Jo?o Vaz Barradas Muito P?o e Morato, "Regras de musica, sinos, rabecas, violas, &c." (!762), P-Ln, Ms. Res. 2163, f. 89) <img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/13433103-112582449861256501?l=novamusicaantiga.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Manuel Moraishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00068156907781494262noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13433103.post-1125743237616229502005-09-03T08:57:00.000+01:002005-09-06T15:21:10.790+01:00<div style="text-align: justify;">O vocábulo<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Citolão</span> (ou <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Citolom</span>, aumentativo depreciativo de <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Cítola</span>) aparece pela primeira vez mencionado na poesia trovadoresca galaico-portuguesa e refere-se a um instrumento musical da família dos cordofones de mão. Tanto no <a href="http://www.univ-ab.pt/disciplinas/dlcp/pagina_dlcp/Disciplinas/505/bibliografia.html"><span style="font-style: italic;">Cancioneiro Português da Biblioteca Vaticana</span></a> como no <a href="http://www.bn.pt/coleccoes/manuscritos/codices.html"><span style="font-style: italic;">Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional</span></a> o termo encontra-se disseminado em várias poesias. Entre outras, copiamos alguns versos de uma tenção do trovador Dom Joam Peres d'Avoim (<font>nobre da região do Lima,<span style="font-style: italic;"> fl.</span> 1270) com o jogral Lourenço:<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Lourenço soyas tu guarecer<br />como podias p<span style="font-style: italic;">er</span> teu <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">citolon</span><br />ou bem ou mal n<span style="font-style: italic;">on</span> ti digneu de n<span style="font-style: italic;">on</span><br />e vejote de trobar trameter<br />e queroteu desto desenganar</span><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">(V-Vbap, cód. 4803, f. 162v, n.º 1010; GonçalvesL, p. 167 e 39)</span><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font>Segundo a opinião abalizada de Menendéz Pidal "El instrumento de todos los junglares gallegos es nombrado 'cítola', o con aumentativo despectivo, 'citolón', y la acción de tañer ese instrumento significada com el verbo especial 'citolar' [...]" (PidalP, p. 42). Este instrumento aparece representado nas miniaturas do nosso <a href="http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/literatura/origenslit.htm"><span style="font-style: italic;">Cancioneiro da Ajuda</span></a> ou no manuscrito escorialense das <a href="http://www.pbm.com/%7Elindahl/cantigas/facsimiles/"><span style="font-style: italic;">Cantigas de Santa Maria</span></a>:<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><div style="padding-top: 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style="text-align: 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style="font-size:100%;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="padding-top: 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href="http://www.fotoflix.com/users/segreis/foto/62404/" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.fotoflix.com/foto?key=60223d0650e522220be52975a8e1e1ee&size=400x300" border="0" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font> </span><font>O cordofone de mão aqui representado é, provavelmente, "Un híbrido de laúdes y fidiculas [...]" (AlvarezI) e o seu nome um derivado do vocábulo latino, </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Cithara</span> que, segundo Fernández de la Cuesta, designa um instrumento de cordas dedilhadas ou palhetadas. Instrumentos com esta tipologia aparecem ainda em vários baixos relevos espanhóis, donde destaco, entre outros, o da Catedral de Burgos (<span style="font-style: italic;">cf</span>. ReyI, pp. 39-40). Recentemente foi descoberto em Inglaterra, no Warwick Castel (mas preservado no British Museum, Londres), um instrumento deste tipo, construído seguramente já no século XIV, mas modificado no XVI, tendo lhe sido acrescentado um novo tampo harmónico em <span style="font-style: italic;">spruce</span> do tipo usado na viola d'arco (com respectivos <span style="font-style: italic;">ff</span>), escala, cavalete e estandarte (<span style="font-style: italic;">cf</span>. MunrowI, p. 26).<br />Os instrumentos reproduzidos tanto nos códices acima referidos como nos baixos relevos espanhóis ou ainda no cordofone que sobreviveu na Gram-Bretanha, têm sido, entre nós, impropriamente designados por Viola. Todavia, não temos dúvidas que este cordofone de mão (ainda que seja um híbrido de alaúde e viola d'arco) está na géneses da <span style="font-style: italic;">Cítara</span> renascentista que, por sua vez, aparece primeiramente reevivificada na Alemanha, a meados do século XVIII sob a designação de <span style="font-style: italic;">Zitern</span>, sendo posteriormente também usado na Gram-Bretanha, Escócia, França, Suécia, América colonial e Portugal, sob o nome de <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarra</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">Zitern</span>; <span style="font-style: italic;">Sister</span>; <span style="font-style: italic;">Deutche Guitarre</span>; <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitar</span> ou <span style="font-style: italic;">Guittar</span> ou tb. <span style="font-style: italic;">Cittern</span>), ou ainda de <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarra inglesa</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">English Guitar</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">cf</span>. MichelZ; MoraisG; MacKillopS; RossC; TylerP e GroveD, VI, pp. 199-201).<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(continua)</span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div 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class="blogger-post-footer">"VIOLA DE M?O QUE EM ESPANHA CHAMA? GUITARRA2 (Jo?o Vaz Barradas Muito P?o e Morato, "Regras de musica, sinos, rabecas, violas, &c." (!762), P-Ln, Ms. Res. 2163, f. 89) <img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/13433103-112574323761622950?l=novamusicaantiga.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Manuel Moraishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00068156907781494262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13433103.post-1123762673527509982005-08-11T13:17:00.000+01:002005-09-11T16:00:30.266+01:00<div style="text-align: justify;">Por razões que me são alheias não tive a oportunidade de tomar as medidas detalhadas do <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitolão. </span>Aqui vos deixo uma fotografia de um dos participantes desta apresentação pública experimentando este grande cordofone de mão de caixa quase periforme. O "espontâneo" da foto é o jovem mas já insigne guitarrista e professor <a href="http://paulosoaresjojo.no.sapo.pt/">Paulo Soares</a> (JóJó). Deste modo o leitor poderá comparar as dimensões e as características externas visíveis deste instrumento com as da actual <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarra</span> portuguesa.<br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.fotoflix.com/users/segreis/foto/54372/" target="_blank"><div style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="http://www.fotoflix.com/users/segreis/foto/65881/" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.fotoflix.com/foto?key=6372125d72986b3622b84cff6aa66814&size=400x300" border="0" /></a></div><br /></a> </div><div style="text-align: center;" align="justify"> </div><div style="text-align: center;" align="justify"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(continua)</span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">"VIOLA DE M?O QUE EM ESPANHA CHAMA? GUITARRA2 (Jo?o Vaz Barradas Muito P?o e Morato, "Regras de musica, sinos, rabecas, violas, &c." (!762), P-Ln, Ms. Res. 2163, f. 89) <img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/13433103-112376267352750998?l=novamusicaantiga.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Manuel Moraishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00068156907781494262noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13433103.post-1123622436276176052005-08-10T04:18:00.000+01:002005-09-01T14:17:03.543+01:00<div style="text-align: justify;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <font>Temos conhecimento de que desde meados<font> do século XVIII se construíam <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarras inglesas</span> montadas com 7 ordens de cordas (4 bordões singelos+3 ordens, ou parcelas, duplas), tendo chegado até nós vários exemplares (alguns em estado original) que se encontram dispersos por vários museus <a href="http://www.studia-instrumentorum.de/MUSEUM/ZISTER/0620.htm">europeus</a>. Por exemplo, no <span style="font-style: italic;">Museu da Música</span>, em Lisboa, guarda-se um instrumento deste tipo feito por Gérard J. Deleplanque (<span style="font-style: italic;">fl.</span> 1755-1792) em Lille (França), sem data, mas seguramente de feitura do último quartel de setecentos (MI, 276). Na etiqueta lê-se:<span style="font-style: italic;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> GÉ[RARD]D J. DELEPLANQUE / [LUTHIER,] RU[E] de la Grande / C[haus]sée coin de celle de[s] / [Dominicai]ns à Lille. 17[76?]</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">.</span> Marca a fogo, no tampo sob a boca: <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">GÉRARD J. / DELEPLANQUE / A LILLE</span>.<br />Esta <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarra inglesa</span> tem um tiro de corda de 470 mm.<br /></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><a href="http://www.fotoflix.com/users/segreis/foto/53963/" target="_blank"><img src="http://www.fotoflix.com/foto?key=517149e43e18a4309aa91f3906e6383c&size=400x300" border="0" /></a><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><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</span><span style="font-size: 78%;"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font></span></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span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style="font-size: 78%;">(</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-size: 78%;">Guitarra inglesa</span><span style="font-size: 78%;"> de Gérard J. Deleplanque, P-Lmm, MI 276)</span><font><br 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nt></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font>Dois outros instrumentos construídos por este violeiro </span><a href="http://www.studia-instrumentorum.de/MUSEUM/BIOGRAPHIE/deleplanque.htm">francês</a> podem ser estudados em Bruxelas, no museu do<span style="font-style: italic;"> Conservatoire Royal de Musique. </span>O primeiro (cota: 1525), datado de 1764 é, organologicamente, muito semelhante ao que se preserva no nosso museu (com a excepção de uma rosácea funda de pergaminho) sendo também como ele montado com 4 bordões singelos+3 ordens dupla. Quanto ao segundo (cota: 2916) - datado, <span style="font-style: italic;">Lille 1792</span> - trata-se de uma arqui-guitarra com teclado, montada com um primeiro cravelhal com 11 cravelhas laterais de madeira (provavelmente distribuídas do modo seguinte: 3 bordões singelos+4 ordens duplas?), enquanto que no segundo cravelhal aparecem mais duas cravelhas, também laterais, de madeira (2 bordões singelos?).<br />É interessante notar que em Portugal, no último quartel do século XIX, o célebre guitarrista e compositor Ambrósio Fernandes Maia (<span style="font-style: italic;">fl. 1</span>875-1900) nos <span style="font-style: italic;">Apontamentos para um methodo de guitarra </span>(Lisboa: Typ. Lallemant Frère, 1875; P-Ln, B.A. 1162//14 V.; <span style="font-style: italic;">cf</span>. p. 7), diz-nos, que paralelamente à típica <span style="font-style: italic;">guitarra portuguesa</span> usada neste período e montada com doze cordas, agrupadas em seis ordens duplas (que podiam usar tanto a afinação "natural" - igual à da <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarra inglesa</span> - como a do "fado corrido"), se construíam também instrumentos armados com "[...] 15 ou mais cordas [...], e que se manufacturavam tanto com cravelhas dorsais de madeira como com o carrilhão de chapa, com o tradicional sistema de parafuso sem fim accionado por uma chave de relógio, ou de "chapa de leque" (<span style="font-style: italic;">cf.</span> MoraisG, pp. 95-116). Infelizmente nenhum instrumento de construção portuguesa com estas características chegou até nós.<br />Em contrapartida, conhecem-se várias <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitarras inglesas</span> com as características organológicas acima referidas construídas em França no último quartel de setecentos por diferentes violeiros, nomeadamente o citado Deleplanque (Lille, 1792), bem como por Renault (Paris, finais do séc. XVII), Renault & Chatelain (Paris,1787) e Louis S. Laurent (Paris, 1775, cf. BainesE, pp. 43-45, n.os 261, 262, 264, 265 e 267).<br /><br />No passado dia 18 de Junho, pelas 22 horas, integrado no "Festival de Música de Marvão", teve lugar nas ruínas da Cidade Romana de Ammaia, em Marvão, a primeira apresentação pública de um novo instrumento construído pelo Mestre violeiro Gilberto Grácio, sendo por ele designado de <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Guitolão</span>. Este evento, que teve a honra de ser apresentado pelo Prof. Doutor Rui Vieira Nery, foi seguido de um concerto pelo guitarrista e compositor António Eustáquio, onde também participaram, além do quarteto Ibero-Americano (formado essencialmente por músicos oriundos da Orquestra Gulbenkian), o conhecido tenor Carlos Guilherme. Infelizmente, por razões de ordem profissional, não tive a oportunidade de me deslocar a este belíssimo local, perdendo assim este importante evento. A revista <span style="font-style: italic;">Actual</span> do Jornal Expresso (n.º 1708 de 18 de Junho de 2005, pp. 16-17) dedicou-lhe uma reportagem de duas páginas, da autoria da jornalista Alexandra Carita (que suponho não possuir formação musical), intitulada: <span style="font-style: italic;">Um novo som para o mundo</span>.<br />Para conhecer o som deste novo (?) cordofone de mão tive de esperar pela apresentação pública que teve lugar em Lisboa, no passado dia 6 de Julho, pelas 19 horas, na "<a href="http://www.egeac.pt/casadofado/">Casa do Fado e da Guitarra Portuguesa</a>". Sala cheia sobretudo pelos muito melómanos amantes do Fado e da Guitarra portuguesa! O evento iniciou-se com umas singelas palavras da sua directora, Dr.ª Sara Pereira, seguindo-se um pequeno historial sobre a construção do instrumento proferido pelo Mestre violeiro Gilberto Grácio. Após estas duas intervenções, o já citado guitarrista António Eustáquio tocou algumas peças a solo. Infelizmente o local escolhido para esta apresentação não tem as necessárias condições acústicas para se tocar instrumentos de corda dedilhada (falta total de reverberação), prejudicando o intérprete e deturpando as reais qualidades sonoras do instrumento. Seguiu-se um período dedicado a perguntas do público respondidas sobretudo pelo Sr. Gilberto Grácio. Fiquei desse modo a saber que este <span style="font-style: italic;">Guitolão</span> é montado com seis ordens de cordas duplas (tal como a guitarra portuguesa), tem um tiro de corda de 24,5 polegadas (= a 62,23 cm; porquê polegadas?) sendo afinado uma quinta abaixo da Guitarra de Lisboa ou uma quarta da de Coimbra, do agudo para o grave (Mi3/ Mi3; Ré3/ Ré3, Lá2/ Lá2; Mi2/ Mi2; Ré3/ Ré2; Sol2/Sol1):<br 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style="text-align: 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</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span><font>Segundo as fotos que a seguir reproduzimos, o </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Guitolão</span> construído por Mestre Gilberto Grácio é, do ponto de vista morfológico e organológico, muito idêntico à Guitarra portuguesa actual (tanto na versão de Lisboa como na de Coimbra), embora apresentando algumas diferenças: caixa de ressonância de maiores dimensões; braço mais longo rematado pela típica voluta; a escala de maiores dimensões, ressaltando sobre o tampo harmónico é dividida cromaticamente por 20 trastes (trastos ou pontos) de metal - 12 colocados até à junção do corpo do instrumento (no modelo da guitarra actual são só 10), sendo os restantes 8 já incrustados na parte da escala que ressalta sobre o tampo harmónico. A forma da caixa, ainda que o autor diga que "[...] foi concebida da minha ideia [sic]" é muito semelhante ao recorte em pera do corpo das <span style="font-style: italic;">guitarras inglesas</span> setecentistas construídas pelo violeiro françês Deleplanque, cujo exemplo acima reproduzido seguramente o Sr. Grácio conheceu já que restaurou (na decada de 1978) vários instrumentos de corda dedilhada para o futuro Museu da Música <font>(um alaúde, MI 254; uma tiorba, MI 252 e uma pandora, </span><font>MI 254). As madeiras usadas são as tradicionais empregues nestes cordofones de mão: tampo harmónico em "spruce", fundo e ilhargas em pau-santo, braço em cedro do Canadá (?) e escala em ébano. Quanto à roseta colada na boca do instrumento foi aí colocada não só como ornamento mas também, e segundo as palavras do próprio violeiro "[...] para evitar que outros [constructores] soubessem como colocou a barragem interna do tampo do </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Guitolão</span> [sic]"! Aliás, bocas ornamentadas com rosetas podem ser encontradas em quase todas as <span style="font-style: italic;">guitarras</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">inglesas</span> que conhecemos, muito particularmente nos instrumentos construídos em Braga por Domingos José Araújo (<span style="font-style: italic;">fl.</span> 1806-1812) e que se guardam no nosso Museu da Música (MI 590 e 744). Outra particularidade da construção deste instrumento reside no facto que o tradicional cavalete (de <font>madeira rija ou </span><font>osso) não assenta sobre a pataleta - base em osso ou marfim onde se pousa o cavalete. Não é nem novidade nem "invenção" de Mestre Grácio pois já se praticava tanto nas Guitarras inglesas como portuguesas desde finais do século XVIII até nos instrumentos construídos em Portugal na década de 194o. Conheço várias guitarras construídas tanto por </span><font>João Pedro Grácio (Coimbrão, Leiria, 1872-Lisboa, 1962)</span><font> como pelo seu filho João Pedro Grácio </span><span style="font-style: italic;">Junior</span> (Lisboa, Cacém, 1903-1967) - pai de Gilberto Grácio - que originalmente não usavam a pataleta.<br 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